[双语阅读]银行业高管“杀鹅取蛋”
    2009-12-14    作者:肖莹莹    来源:经济参考报

    Bilingual Reading

  Bankers had cashed in before the music stopped
  According to standard narrative,the meltdown of Bear Stearns and Lehman Broth-ers largely wiped out the wealth of their top executives. Many - in the media,academia and the financial sector - have used this account to dismiss the view that pay structures caused excessive risk-taking and that reforming such structures is important. The narrative,however,turns out to be incorrect.
  It is true that the top executives at both banks suffered significant losses on shares they held when their companies collapsed. But our analysis,using data from Securities and Exchange Commission filings,shows the banks’ top five executives had cashed out such large amounts since the beginning of this decade that,even after the losses,their net pay-offs during this period were substantially positive.
  In 2000-07,the top five executives at Bear and Lehman pocketed cash bonuses exceeding $300m and $150m respectively (adjusted to 2009 dollars).Although the financial results on which bonus payments were based were sharply reversed in 2008,pay arrangements allowed executives to keep past bonuses.
  Furthermore,executives regularly took large amounts of money off the table by unloading shares and options. Overall,in 2000-08 the top-five teams at Bear and Lehman cashed out close to $2bn in this way:about $1.1bn at Bear and $850m at Lehman. Indeed,the teams sold more shares during the years preceding the firms’ collapse than they held when the music stopped in 2008.
  Altogether,equity sales and bonuses over that period provided the top five at the two banks with cash of about $1.4bn and $1bn respectively(an average of almost $250m each). These cash proceeds considerably exceed the value of the executives’ holdings at the beginning of 2000(which we estimate to be in the order of a respective $800m and $600m).
  Of course,the executives would have made much more had the banks not blown up. By contrast to shareholders who stuck with the banks,however,the executives’total pay-offs during the period were decidedly in the black.
  Our analysis undermines the claims that executives’ losses on shares during the collapses establish that they did not have incentives to take excessive risks. The fact that the executives did not sell all the shares they could prior to the meltdown does indicate that they did not anticipate collapse in the near future. But repeatedly cashing in large amounts of performance-based compensation based on short-term results did provide perverse incentives - incentives to improve short-term results even at the cost of an excessive rise in the risk of large losses at some (uncertain) point in the future.
  To be sure,executives’ risk-taking might have been driven by a failure to recognise risks or by excessive optimism,and thus would have taken place even in the absence of these incentives. But given the structure of executive pay,the possibility that risk-taking was influenced by these incentives should be taken seriously.
  The need to reform pay structures is not,as many have claimed,simply a politically convenient sideshow. Even if the type of incentives given to executives of Bear and Lehman - and others with similar pay structures - were not the cause of risk-taking in the past,they could be in future. Financial institutions,and the regulators overseeing them,should give the necessary priority to redesigning bonuses and equity-based compensation to avoid rewarding executives for short-term results that are subsequently reversed.
  The stories of Lehman and Bear will undoubtedly remain in the annals of financial disaster for decades to come. To understand what has happened,and what lessons should be drawn,it is important to get the facts right. In contrast to what has been thus far largely assumed,the executives were richly rewarded for,not financially devastated by,their leadership of their banks during this decade.

  译文梗概

  银行业高管“杀鹅取蛋”

  人们一般会这样描述:贝尔斯登(Bear Stearns)与雷曼兄弟(Lehman Brothers)的垮台,很大程度上抹去了其高管的财富。从传媒界、学术界到金融业,许多人都用这个理由来反驳以下观点:薪酬结构导致企业过度冒险,而改革这种结构十分重要。然而,事实最终证明,这种说法是错误的。
  诚然,当这两家银行倒闭时,其高管所持的股票出现了巨额亏损。但我们的分析——使用美国证券交易委员会(Securities and Exchange Commission)文件中的数据——显示,两家银行职位最高的5位高管自本世纪初以来一直在套现,即使扣除上述亏损,在此期间他们还是大有赚头。
  总体而言,在2000-2008年期间,贝尔斯登和雷曼的前五位高管团队,通过定期出售股票和兑现期权等方式套现将近20亿美元:贝尔斯登大约为11亿美元,雷曼大约为8.5亿美元。事实上,这些高管在公司倒闭前几年出售的股票,多于他们在去年乐曲停止时所持有的股票。
  全部加起来,那段时期的售股与奖金,让两家银行的前五位高管分别收获了约14亿美元和10亿美元的现金(平均每人将近2.5亿美元)。这些现金收入远远超过了这些高管在本世纪之初所持股票的价值(我们估计大约分别为8亿美元和6亿美元)。
  高管们没有在银行倒闭前抛掉所有的股票,实际上表明他们没有预计到银行会在短期内倒闭。
  改革薪酬结构的必要性并不像许多人所宣称的那样,只是一种处于政治需要的作秀。即便贝尔斯登与雷曼——以及其它有着类似薪酬结构的机构——高管所受到的那种激励,并非以往(企业)冒险的原因,但以后也可能会是。金融机构及其监管机构应赋予重新设计奖金与基于股权的薪酬结构以必要的优先性,以避免根据短期业绩褒奖高管——而这些业绩随后出现了逆转。
  无疑,未来数十年内,雷曼和贝尔斯登的故事会一直留在金融灾难的编年史上。要想弄清楚发生了什么,以及我们应从中汲取哪些教训,保证事实的真实性十分重要。与迄今为止许多人所猜想的相反,高管们由于自己这十年来的领导工作获得了丰厚的酬劳,而并非蒙受了财务上的巨大损失。

  (文章来源:FT中文网)

  点评:

  wipe out在这里相当于remove or cancel,即“除去、取消”的意思。
  pocket在这里是动词,相当于keep or take (something) for oneself,即“将某物据为己有”的意思。
  这句话是虚拟语气的句式,也可以写成the executives would have made much more, if the banks had not blown up.
  这句话是个复合句,主句部分是 Our analysis undermines the claims,claims后面的部分是that引导的同位语从句,在这个同位语从句中还包含一个that引导的宾语从句,作establish的宾语。establish在这里相当于prove,是“证明”的意思。
  这句话的主语部分是The fact that the executives did not sell all the shares they could prior to the meltdown ,that引导的是同位语从句,从句中的they could是定语从句,prior to 是before的意思。谓语是does indicate,does在这里起到强调的作用,可以翻译为“确实、的确”。indicate后面是that引导的宾语从句。
  even if引导的是让步状语从句,given to executives of Bear and Lehman and others with similar pay structures是incentives的后置定语。they could be in future是主句部分。

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